Freedom of Information and Data Protection: Guidance for Committee Servicing
1. Summary
- All SOAS committees should have open business and, where necessary, reserved business, to support the goals of improving communication and making more information accessible.
- Reserved business should be limited to items dealing with information which is likely to be exempt from disclosure if it was requested under the Freedom of Information Act.
- Items should be placed in reserved business if they deal with:
- Commercially sensitive information , eg references to ongoing negotiations.
- Information provided in confidence by individuals or organisations outside the School.
- Information whose release might endanger the health or safety of any person.
- Information which might endanger the School's security .
- Legally privileged information , eg discussion of legal advice.
- Certain types of personal data about identifiable individuals, eg a staff member's exact salary.
- Highly sensitive discussions where the purpose of the discussions might be harmed by their disclosure.
- The scheduling and format of published committee papers should be aligned with SOAS' Publication Scheme (see When and how to publish committee papers ).
- Committee secretaries are responsible for ensuring publication takes place.
- The language and style of committee minutes should support the goal of making information accessible, eg by avoiding personal references where possible.
2. Purpose of this guidance
This guidance explains what the Freedom of Information Act and data protection law (together the General Data Protection Regulation (EU 2016/679) and the UK Data Protection Act (2018)) mean for committee work at SOAS. It sets out procedures which will help the School to meet its obligations under the legislation, improve communication within the School, and improve openness and transparency in the School's proceedings. This document is aimed primarily at committee chairs and secretaries, and supplements the general guidance in Role of a Committee Chair (pdf; 191kb) and Role of a Committee Secretary (pdf; 283kb) .
In this guidance, "agenda" means the list of items to be discussed at a meeting; "supporting papers" and "tabled papers" are used to refer to the reports and other papers which may be circulated in advance with the agenda for discussion at the meeting (supporting papers) or tabled at the meeting (tabled papers). Supporting papers are often referred to at SOAS as "appendices", since they act as appendices to the agenda. "Committee papers" means all of the papers relating to a committee meeting: agenda, supporting papers, tabled papers and minutes.
This guidance is aimed at committees which form part of the School's formal committee structure, i.e. which appear in the School's Standing Orders . It is not intended for committees, working groups etc which are outside that structure (e.g. ad hoc working groups or committees at departmental level). These will usually deal with very local or technical matters where there would be little to be gained by publishing the information. However, such committees and groups should follow these guidelines if they plan to place minutes or other information on the intranet or external website, as the issues surrounding confidentiality, commercial interests and privacy will still apply.
3. Legal background: implications of Freedom of Information and Data Protection for committee work
SOAS is subject to the Freedom of Information Act and data protection law. The legislation applies to recorded information held by the School, including the information produced by committee work: minutes, agendas, supporting papers and tabled papers. Consequently:
- Information in committee records can be requested under the Freedom of Information Act, by people who submit Freedom of Information requests.
- Individuals can use data protection law to request access to personal information relating to themselves in committee records.
- Data protection law contains privacy rights which have to be respected in how we handle committee records. For example, we should not release committee information into the public domain (including the intranet) if that would release personal data about individuals in a way which would breach data protection law (see Personal data ).
The access rights created by Freedom of Information and data protection law are subject to a number of exemptions and limitations, which serve to balance the right of access against the legitimate interests of the School and other organisations and individuals. Where exemptions apply, committee records do not have to be made available - and in some cases, it would be unlawful or actionable to do so. Generally speaking, the right of access applies regardless of format, and both electronic and paper copies of committee records will be covered.
Information which the School publishes does not have to be produced in response to a Freedom of Information request, as it is already accessible by other means. The Freedom of Information Act requires us to include this information in our Publication Scheme , which summarises the information which the School routinely makes available, the formats in which it is provided and whether any charge applies. For example: if we place the open minutes of a committee on the website and record this fact in the Publication Scheme, it is enough to refer persons seeking the minutes to the web source or to the relevant part of the Publication Scheme. We do not have to do detailed searching, as enquirers can search the information themselves. Placing material in the public domain thus reduces the burden of responding to information requests, as well as improving transparency and accountability in the School's proceedings.
Some committees may occasionally deal with information which comes under the Environmental Information Regulations. This is a separate piece of legislation which creates rights of access to information about the environment - defined broadly to include areas such as pollution, energy, noise, waste/recycling, air quality, environmental policies and plans, and environmental aspects of human health. The access rights and exemptions are broadly similar to those created by the Freedom of Information Act, and are not considered separately in this guidance.
Aside from freedom of information, data protection and environmental information considerations, there is a desire to improve communication by the School, internally and externally, which timely publication of committee papers can support (see What to publish ).
Further information about the Freedom of Information Act and data protection law is available on the School's Information Compliance web pages.
4. What to publish
The aim is to make as much committee information as possible accessible within the School and outside the School, taking into account confidentiality and privacy requirements, the need to protect the School's interests and those of outside bodies, and the need to limit the workload of committee secretaries. If you are a committee secretary or chair, you can help the School to achieve this by:
1. Structuring your committee's proceedings into open business and, where necessary, reserved business. Some committees have previously done this in order to make open minutes available on the intranet. It should now be done by all committees in the School's official committee structure, for the purpose of publishing open agendas, appendices and minutes on the SOAS website.
2. Identifying items for discussion which are likely to generate information in the resulting minutes which would be subject to an exemption under the Freedom of Information Act. These items will fall into certain broad categories (see What should go into reserved agendas and minutes ). You should place these items on the reserved agenda for the meeting, and record the discussion in reserved minutes.
3. Placing any other items into the open agenda and open minutes for the meeting. If an item does not match one or more of the categories in section 6 ( What should go into reserved agendas and minutes ), you should normally put it into open business by default.
Doing this will help SOAS to make committee information available to staff and external users of the website. Information which is likely to be sensitive and subject to a Freedom of Information exemption will be separated out and will go into reserved business. The remaining non-sensitive information will be dealt with on the open part of the agenda, and open minutes can be released proactively.
5. When and how to publish committee papers
Open minutes, agendas and appendices should be published on the SOAS website one year after the end of the term to which they relate (ie once the minutes have been formally approved). For example:
11 November 2019 - Board of Trustees meeting
19 December 2019 - First term of 2019/20 ends
02 January 2021 - Publication of papers on the first day of the second term 2020/21.
In accordance with the Information Commissioner's publication scheme guidance for higher education institutions, committee papers should be available at least for the current and previous three years.
The School's website has pages for each of the committees within the SOAS Committee Structure. Committee secretaries are responsible for ensuring the appropriate open papers are published to their committee pages within the above mentioned timescale.
Training on how to publish committee papers through the CMS can be arranged with the Web Team via the IT Helpdesk at helpdesk@soas.ac.uk , and guidance on best practice in preparing committee pages for publication may be obtained through the Governance Manager in the Legal and Governance Directorate: governance@soas.ac.uk.
6. What should go into reserved agendas and minutes
If you are a committee chair or secretary, this section outlines what you should consider when deciding what should go on the open agenda and what should go on the reserved agenda for a meeting, given that the goal is to make as much committee business as possible accessible within and outside the School (see What to publish ).
An item should normally only go on the reserved agenda if it is likely to cover information that would be caught by one or more of the Freedom of Information exemptions. This will ensure that only genuinely sensitive information goes into reserved business. SOAS's Standing Orders provide that agendas shall include reserved items where matters under discussion are of a sensitive nature for reasons of protocol or commercial interest or because they relate to individual or identifiable staff or students. These provisions have to be interpreted in light of the Freedom of Information Act and data protection law, however, which define the legal framework for rights of access to information held by the School.
It is important to note that committee chairs and secretaries are not being asked to make a definitive decision that something is or is not exempt under the Freedom of Information Act - only whether an item may generate information which is likely to be exempt. This can be done by identifying agenda items which fall into the categories described in this section. Whether information classified as reserved business is actually exempt if requested under the Freedom of Information Act will depend on the circumstances at the time. For example, reserved information might be released because:
- it has ceased to be sensitive: eg information which is commercially sensitive is often only sensitive for a limited period;
- the exemption applies but it requires a public interest test, and the public interest at the time favours release of the information; or
- when considering the request, we decide that some of the information is not actually exempt and can be released. As previously indicated, Freedom of Information exemptions apply to the information itself whereas committee secretaries and chairs are only being asked to recognise and classify broad categories. Processing Freedom of Information requests can involve making line by line judgements about specific items of information. For example: a reserved agenda will be a list of the topics to be discussed in reserved business. Some of the information in the list itself may be exempt: eg if the agenda refers to commercially sensitive information, or discussion about a named individual in a sensitive context. Other information in the list may not be exempt: the fact that an item was to be discussed may not be exempt, even if exemptions apply to the detailed record of the discussion in minutes. If the reserved agenda was requested, we might have to release certain information in the agenda and redact other information.
Occasionally, information may come up in the open part of a meeting which should not be released because it is likely to be exempt. If this happens, the secretary should place the record of the discussion in reserved minutes, without amending the original open or reserved agendas. The open minutes should indicate that an item has moved to the reserved minutes, and the reserved minutes should indicate the item on the open agenda to which the record of the discussion relates. In rare cases, this may require producing reserved minutes for a meeting where there was originally only an open agenda.
Very often a meeting will only deal with open business, in which case there is clearly no need to produce a reserved agenda or reserved minutes. Similarly, some meetings may only deal with reserved business. In either case, the resulting minutes should record that no open/reserved business (as appropriate) was transacted (see Appropriate language and style ).
There are 24 exemptions in the Freedom of Information Act. Not all of them are relevant to SOAS, and only some are likely to be relevant to committee work. These are summarised below. The list is not exhaustive, and in rare situations there may be other exemptions that apply. Committee chairs and secretaries who are uncertain about whether an item would be covered by an exemption, or who think that an item should be withheld but does not fit within one of these exemptions, should contact the Information Compliance Manager .
6.1 Commercially sensitive information
Commercially sensitive information is information whose release would harm the commercial interests of the School or another organisation. Items which are likely to involve commercially sensitive information should be placed into reserved business, as the information may be exempt under section 43 of the Freedom of Information Act. Examples might be:
- Discussion about forthcoming contracts, negotiations or purchases.
- Details of ongoing negotiations, where release of information might jeopardise the negotiations or the School's bargaining position.
- Sensitive pricing or operational information and trade secrets received from suppliers, tenderers, contractors etc.
- Information which might be of value to a competitor: eg information about the School's own commercial activities, or plans to expand in a particular area.
High-level financial information about the School's income and expenditure will not usually be commercially sensitive. However, detailed breakdowns of financial information might be exempt in certain circumstances: eg if it would reveal the price charged by a supplier, or the salary of an individual (see Personal data ).
6.2 Information provided in confidence
If an agenda item involves information which:
- has been supplied by an organisation or individual outside the School (including another HE institution); and
- the information is not in the public domain; and
- we do not have permission to make the information available; and
- the supplier of the information has indicated that they regard it as confidential; or
- a reasonable person would assume that permission should be sought before making the information publicly available;
then the item should be placed into reserved business, as it may involve the discussion of information whose release would be an actionable breach of confidence (ie the School could be taken to court). This information is exempt from release under section 41 of the Freedom of Information Act.
Confidential information and commercially sensitive information will often overlap. For example, information from a contractor may be supplied in confidence, and also be commercially sensitive to the contractor.
6.3 Danger to health and safety
Information whose release might endanger the health or safety of any person should always be dealt with in reserved business, as it is likely to be exempt under section 38 of the Freedom of Information Act. This might occur if there was a risk that placing the information in the public domain would lead to an individual receiving threats or harassment, or would aggravate a known medical condition such as a mental illness. Information about the involvement of staff in certain activities or areas of research may have to be placed in reserved business if releasing it would put them in danger from extremist groups.
6.4 Danger to security
An item should be placed on the reserved agenda if it involves information whose release in open minutes would be likely to endanger the School's security. For example, if it would:
- reveal sensitive information about security arrangements, procedures and monitoring systems;
- compromise IT security systems and protocols; or
- reveal financial procedures and processes which might make it easier for someone to defraud the School.
This information is likely to be exempt under section 31 of the Freedom of Information Act. However, detailed information like this should not normally be recorded in committee minutes (see Appropriate language and style ).
6.5 Legally privileged information
Discussions about legal advice provided to the School or another organisation, or communications with the School's solicitors, should always be placed in reserved business. This information is likely to be exempt under section 42 of the Freedom of Information Act
6.6 Prejudice to the free and frank provision of advice, exchange of views for deliberation or effective conduct of public affairs
Section 36 of the Freedom of Information Act allows information to be withheld if releasing it would prejudice "the free and frank provision of advice", "the free and frank exchange of views for the purposes of deliberation" or "the effective conduct of public affairs". Under this exemption, it would be valid to place in reserved business high-level policy or strategic discussions (eg about the future of the School), if release of the record of the discussions would constrain the discussions or similar discussions in the future. However, this should be done sparingly, as the School would need to make a strong case in order to use this exemption in response to a Freedom of Information request. It is also more likely to apply to a detailed record of who said what at a meeting, rather than to what was decided at the meeting. Committee minutes should aim to record decisions rather than detailed accounts of discussions (see Appropriate language and style ), so good minuting style should mean that we rarely need to use this exemption.
6.7 Personal data
"Personal data" means information about any identifiable living individual. Committee records will contain information about committee members and others persons attending meetings (their attendance, reports of their views and opinions, actions upon them), and information about third parties who are mentioned in discussions. Personal data is protected by data protection law, which makes it unlawful to transfer or release personal information unless certain conditions are met. This is recognised by section 40 of the Freedom of Information Act, which allows personal data to be withheld if its release to a third party would contravene the first principle of data protection law, relating to lawful and fair processing.
Some personal information dealt with by committees can go into open business, and some should go into reserved business because releasing it into the public domain (eg on the School's website) would breach data protection law. The Information Commissioner (the body which regulates Freedom of Information and data protection) has suggested that public bodies can release certain types of personal information in response to Freedom of Information requests, because doing so does not contravene the principles of data protection law and is in keeping with the general expectation of transparency and accountability in public authorities. This includes:
- Basic information about staff in a work capacity, such as names, job titles, roles and responsibilities and work contact details - much of which SOAS publishes on the website.
- Grades and salary bands of staff (although not specific salaries, except for staff earning over £100,000 where the Information Commissioner suggests salaries should be disclosed in £10,000 bands).
- Decisions and actions taken by staff in an official or work capacity, unless the information is exempt for some other reason.
Information in these categories can be held back in rare situations where releasing it might endanger an individual's health or safety.
Committee members serve on a committee in an official capacity. The guidance above suggests that membership on a committee, committee members' views and opinions expressed at meetings and actions upon them should not be withheld as personal data. This information should go into open business unless it falls under an item where another Freedom of Information exemption applies: eg a report of a committee member's opinion on a matter which is commercially sensitive. Information about the committee work of members who are not SOAS staff (eg student representatives, external members of Governing Body) should be treated in the same way as that of staff members, as they also serve on the committee in an official capacity.
Based on the Information Commissioner's guidance, the following information about third parties can be dealt with under open business and published in open minutes:
- Routine notices of the appointment, departure or promotion of staff (but not details of reasons, discussions prior to the event etc).
- Information about the roles, duties and responsibilities of staff.
- Minor references to individuals which do not convey anything substantive about them.
- Information which is already in the public domain (eg on the SOAS website).
- Information about the decisions or actions of staff in an official or work capacity, unless it is exempt for other reasons.
Other personal information which comes before committees should go into reserved business, as releasing it could breach the privacy rights of individuals under data protection law. The following are examples of information that should always be placed in reserved minutes:
- Sensitive employment-related information about individual staff (grievance, discipline, performance etc).
- The identity of internal and external examiners in relation to taught students' assessment. This is to respect the long-standing anonymity of the examining process, and the expectation of examiners that their details will be kept confidential. In many cases, there should be no need to identify examiners by name. External examiners' reports can be discussed in open minutes in anonymised form.
- Information about individual students (academic progress, examination performance, discipline etc). However, the committee work of student representatives can be reported in open minutes (see above), as can the official activities of Students' Union officers (appointments of officers are published on the Students' Union website).
- Information about the health, welfare or personal lives of individuals.
Committees will sometimes discuss posts rather than individuals. Information about a post is not necessarily personal data: eg discussion about creating a post will not be personal data because no one holds the post. However, information about a post will be personal information if the post can be associated with an individual through sources such as the SOAS website. Whether discussion about a post should go into open or reserved business will therefore depend on the wider context and the factors outlined above.
As personal information can make it difficult to place committee minutes into the public domain, it is good practice to adopt a style of writing which de-personalises minutes as far as possible (see Appropriate language and style ).
7. Appropriate language and style
The language and style of committee minutes should support the goal of making minutes available where possible. Minutes need to contain enough information to be a useful record of what was discussed and decided at the meeting - and no more than that. Unnecessary or superfluous details could make it more difficult to release minutes on the School's website or in response to an Freedom of Information request. Information about individuals should be treated carefully and included only when necessary, as we may not be able to make it publicly available for data protection reasons (see Personal data ). Individuals will usually have a right of access to information about themselves (see Implications of Freedom of Information and Data Protection for committee work ), so appropriate language should be used when referring to individuals.
If you are a committee secretary, this section outlines issues that you should consider when writing agendas and minutes. Following this guidance will make it easier to release minutes (where exemptions do not otherwise apply), and should also reduce the work involved in producing minutes:
(1) Minutes should not be a blow by blow account of who said what at a meeting. This may be appropriate in some situations, but not for School committee meetings. Minutes should be concise and factual, and should aim to record:
- the topics or issues which were discussed at the meeting (without the detail of the discussion);
- what was decided;
- the salient points which led to a decision (this might include a brief summary of the views which were instrumental in the committee making the decision);
- what actions have to be taken, and by whom - summarised briefly in action points;
- items which the committee noted;
- what the committee referred or recommended to another committee; and
- any matters where the committee deferred a decision (and if so, a brief summary of the reasons why).
(2) If it is necessary to record a view or opinion expressed at a meeting (eg to understand why a decision was made) consider whether you need to associate a view with an individual. Often, there is no need to record who expressed a view, only the fact that the opinion was considered by the committee. This suggests a style of "It was suggested that..." or "Several members felt that...", rather than "Professor A said that...". Decisions are ultimately made by the committee as a whole rather than by individuals, so where a view leads to a decision, it is good style to avoid language which suggests that the decision was the responsibility of an individual. The following examples (which might be found in examiners' board minutes) illustrate this:
- "Professor A suggested that candidate B had shown insufficient originality to qualify for a first": this statement is personal data about A and B, and might have to be released to either of them in response to a Data Subject Access Request.
- "It was suggested that candidate B had shown insufficient originality to qualify for a first": this ceases to be personal data about Professor A.
- "Candidate B was awarded a 2:1 because it was felt that he had shown insufficient originality to qualify for a first": this records the decision and the reason for it (assuming the committee agreed with Professor A).
(3) Use job titles rather than personal names where possible. Except in the initial attendance list, it is good style to use job titles rather than personal names when referring to committee members and third parties. The information will not cease to be personal data (see Personal data ), but many people are more comfortable being identified this way in documents which may be published on the web.
(4) Keywords, if used consistently, can help to make minutes more concise and indicate what the committee did:
Noted : acknowledges that the committee was given a particular piece of information. Can also be used to summarise significant points arising from a paper or a discussion which led to a conclusion (eg "The committee noted the issues raised...and agreed that"). "Noted" can be used for matters which form part of the formal agenda of a meeting, but will not be discussed unless a member requests this of the chair in advance of the meeting (see Role of a Committee Secretary (pdf; 283kb) for further information).
Received : use this to indicate the formal receipt of a document or information (eg "The committee received a report from...").
Considered : use this to indicate that the committee actually discussed a topic or document (eg "The committee considered the issue of...").
Approved/agreed : use this to show the conclusion of a committee's deliberations on a matter wholly within its competence (eg "The committee agreed that the policy should be approved").
Recommended : use this for matters which the committee has agreed or resolved but which require a decision from a higher body (eg "The committee approved the draft policy subject to amendments and recommended its adoption to Academic Board").
Endorsed : use to show the committee's support for a decision made elsewhere.
'Resolved' is also used by Governing Body only in certain contexts (eg to amend Standing Orders).
(5) If a meeting dealt with open business only or reserved business only, add a note to this effect at the end of the minutes (eg "No reserved business was considered at this meeting"). This will avoid confusion and unnecessary searching if minutes are requested many months or years later.
8. Dealing with corrections
Formal corrections to open minutes placed on the website should continue to be dealt with according to the School's procedures for correcting any type of committee minutes. In other words, where corrections are agreed at the next meeting of the committee as part of the process of approving the minutes of the last meeting, the minutes of the last meeting should not be amended. Instead, the corrections should be incorporated in the minutes of the subsequent meeting. For further guidance on this see Role of a Committee Secretary (pdf; 283kb) .
Readers of open minutes on the website may not be aware of this aspect of the School's procedures, so copies of open minutes should have the following statement added at the top of the first page: "These minutes are for information only. Any corrections to the minutes will be recorded in the minutes of the subsequent meeting of the committee."
9. Further information
Committee secretaries and chairs should read this guidance in conjunction with Role of a Committee Chair (pdf; 191kb) and Role of a Committee Secretary (pdf; 283kb) , which this guidance is intended to supplement. Advice on general committee servicing issues is available from the Governance Manager.
For advice on Freedom of Information or data protection matters (including the classification of committee business into open or reserved), and issues concerning the publication of committee papers to the website, contact the Information Compliance Manager .